That's not how that bird is supposed to sound!¶

Using xeno-canto and spectrograms to explore variation in sound

Dan Brown
GGAS Master Birder Student Salon
2019-11-15

http://jdanbrown.org/talks/ggas-mb

How does bird sound vary?¶

Function
- Songs for courtship/territory
- Contact calls
- Alarm calls
- ...
Time of year
- Breeding vs. non-breeding
Time of day
- Dawn → day → dusk → night
Gender
Age
- Song learning in oscines
Subspecies / geography
Across individuals
- Differentiation
Within individual
- Repertoire

...a non-exhaustive list!

By gender¶

WREN
- [Pie19] p365
  - Male song, female song, duet [verify]
  - [PFGBS] https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/peterson-field-guide-to-bird-sounds/?speciesCode=wrenti
- [BNA] https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/wrenti/sounds
  - "A long (2–5 s) series of short, clear, overslurred whistles at about 4 kHz, accelerating into a rapid chatter."
  - "Female song is similar, but with an even rhythm, and with a highly variable number of notes (3–14)."
  - "Number of introductory notes is variable, but typically 3–5 in the male song, and the quality of those notes can vary with increasing agitation."
  - "Partial male songs are common and sound identical to female songs."
- Rec notes
  - WREN/90158 male and female (duet)

In [ ]:

(search_recs
    .pipe(df_inspect, lambda df: (df.shape,))
    # Filter
    [lambda df: reduce(lambda x, y: x & y, [
        df.species == 'WREN',
        # df.remarks.str.lower().str.contains('female'),  # Not useful
        # df.remarks.str.lower().str.contains('slow'),  # Not useful
        # df.remarks.str.lower().str.contains('male'),  # Not useful
        df.xc_id.isin([90158]),
    ])]
    .pipe(df_inspect, lambda df: (df.shape,))
    # Sort
    .sort_values('date', ascending=False)
    # View
    .pipe(talk_recs_show,
        scale=3,
    )
    [:500]
)

(52613, 71)

(1, 71)

Out[ ]:

	xc_id	spectro_disp	species	subspecies	year	month_day	time	type	state	elevation	lat	lng	place	remarks	quality	recordist	background_species	date
0	90158		WREN	—	1999	03-29	?	song	California, United States	40 m	35.3	-121.0	Coon Creek Trail, Montana de Oro State Park, California, United States	Two males and a female or juvenile?	A	Thomas G. Graves	[]	1999-03-29 00:00:00

By age¶

RTHA
- [Pie19] p205
  - Squeal: "Given by immature birds in their first summer and fall... May transition gradually into adult Scream over course of first fall and winter; more study needed."
- Rec notes
  - RTHA/187482 - squeal (juv) - clean
  - RTHA/139200 - squeal (juv) - messy
  - RTHA/65409 - scream (adult) - clean
  - RTHA/173877 - transitional squeal/scream [good]
  - RTHA/173880 - transitional squeal/scream [good, but too quiet]

In [ ]:

(search_recs
    .pipe(df_inspect, lambda df: (df.shape,))
    # Filter
    [lambda df: reduce(lambda x, y: x & y, [
        df.species == 'RTHA',
        df.xc_id.isin([187482, 139200, 65409, 173877, 173880]),
    ])]
    .pipe(df_inspect, lambda df: (df.shape,))
    # Sort
    # .sample(frac=1, random_state=0)
    # [lambda df: ~df.subspecies.isin([''])].sort_values(['subspecies'], ascending=[True])
    # .sort_values('month_day')
    # View
    .pipe(talk_recs_show,
        scale=3,
    )
    # [:100]
)

(52613, 71)

(5, 71)

Out[ ]:

	xc_id	species	subspecies	year	month_day	time	type	state	elevation	lat	lng	place	remarks	quality	recordist	background_species	date
0	173877	RTHA	—	2012	06-20	09:35	flight call	Florida, United States	20 m	27.9	-81.2	Joe Overstreet Rd, Lake Kissimmee, Osceola County, Florida, United States		B	Paul Marvin	['EAME', 'NOBO', 'COYE']	2012-06-20 00:00:00
1	173880	RTHA	—	2012	10-28	13:29	call	California, United States	10 m	32.6	-117.0	Dairymart Ponds, San Diego County, California, United States	on telephone pole	B	Paul Marvin	[]	2012-10-28 00:00:00
2	65409	RTHA	calurus	2010	06-14	07:45	keer call	California, United States	1520 m	39.7	-120.0	Carman Valley, Sierra County, California, United States	bird calling while perched atop tall conifer. also can hear Douglas's squirrel twittering	A	Eric DeFonso	['MODO', 'AMRO']	2010-06-14 00:00:00
3	187482	RTHA	—	2014	07-16	10:30	call, juvenile	British Columbia, Canada	90 m	48.5	-123.0	Hector Rd, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada	Whistles from recently-fledged juvenile, given in flight.	no score	Ian Cruickshank	[]	2014-07-16 00:00:00
4	139200	RTHA	borealis	2013	06-18	16:30	call, juvenile	Georgia, United States	3 m	31.9	-81.1	Savannah, Chatham, Georgia, United States	Amplification was boosted. The original recording was shortened to exclude nearby construction noise. The intervals between the calls are as recorded. The two fledglings were following a parent ...	A	Russ Wigh	['BTGR']	2013-06-18 00:00:00

By time of day¶

PSFL: dawn song vs. normal song
- [Pie19] p272
  - Dawn song, normal song
  - (No "dawn" at [PFGBS] https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/peterson-field-guide-to-bird-sounds/?speciesCode=pasfly)
- [BNA] https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/pasfly/sounds
  - Same as [Pie19]
- Rec notes
  - PSFL/348155 dawn song
  - PSFL/348142 song

In [ ]:

(search_recs
    .pipe(df_inspect, lambda df: (df.shape,))
    # Filter
    [lambda df: reduce(lambda x, y: x & y, [
        df.species == 'PSFL',
        df.recordist.str.lower().str.match(r'.*webster.*'),
        df.xc_id.isin([348155, 348142]),
    ])]
    .pipe(df_inspect, lambda df: (df.shape,))
    # Sort
    # .sort_values(['subspecies', 'lat'], ascending=[True, False])
    # .sort_values(['lat'], ascending=False)
    # .sort_values(['lng'], ascending=True)
    .sort_values(['time'], ascending=True)
    # View
    .pipe(talk_recs_show,
        scale=3,
    )
    [:500]
)

(52613, 71)

(2, 71)

Out[ ]:

	xc_id	spectro_disp	species	subspecies	year	month_day	time	type	state	elevation	lat	lng	place	remarks	quality	recordist	background_species	date
0	348155		PSFL	cineritius	2001	06-15	05:20	dawn song	Baja California, Mexico	2300 m	31.0	-116.0	La Corona Arriba, Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California, Mexico	territory No 1, 3rd recording; some interaction type notes toward the end	B	Richard E. Webster	['MOCH', 'ACWO']	2001-06-15 00:00:00
1	348142		PSFL	cineritius	2001	06-15	05:25	male position note	Baja California, Mexico	2300 m	31.0	-116.0	La Corona Arriba, Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California, Mexico	territory No 1 recorded here, 4th recording; male position note	A	Richard E. Webster	['MOCH', 'DEJU', 'WBNU', 'PYNU']	2001-06-15 00:00:00

Individual variation, and within one individual¶

HUVI
- [Pie19] p297
  - "Phrases vary tremendously"
  - "Incessant repetition of the same sound can be an excellent field mark, but singing occasionally deviates from this pattern"
- [BNA] https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/hutvir/sounds
  - "Much individual and geographic variation"
  - "Typical song pattern is a monotonous and unmusical series of nasal and wheezy 2-syllable, ascending phrases ... repeated approximately 1 per second for a period sometimes spanning ≥ 10 min"
  - "A common variation is composed of descending phrases"
  - "A bird may sing either form, may alternate between the 2 forms, and occasionally may mix ascending and descending phrases in the same series ... producing a pattern reminiscent of the song of Cassin's Vireo"

In [ ]:

(search_recs
    .pipe(df_inspect, lambda df: (df.shape,))
    # Filter
    [lambda df: reduce(lambda x, y: x & y, [
        df.species == 'HUVI',
    ])]
    .pipe(df_inspect, lambda df: (df.shape,))
    # Sort
    .sample(frac=1, random_state=2)
    # View
    .pipe(talk_recs_show,
        scale=3,
    )
    [:25]
)

(52613, 71)

(179, 71)

Out[ ]:

	xc_id	species	subspecies	year	month_day	time	type	state	elevation	lat	lng	place	remarks	quality	recordist	background_species	date
0	402932	HUVI	—	2018	02-14	08:19	call	Arizona, United States	1800 m	32.4	-111.0	Cypress Picnic Area, Mount Lemmon, Pima County, Arizona, United States	Hutton's vireo calls recorded at a range of roughly 40 - 50 meters on a north-facing slope with Chihuahua pine, ponderosa pine, alligator juniper, and oaks. Distant roar from a plane is audible....	no score	Lance A. M. Benner	['ACWO']	2018-02-14 00:00:00
1	412615	HUVI	—	2018	04-08	16:42	call	Cerro Alto Campground, United States	340 m	35.4	-121.0	Atascadero, California, Cerro Alto Campground, United States		B	Thomas G. Graves	['STJA']	2018-04-08 00:00:00
2	92953	HUVI	—	2008	04-30	08:55	song	TX, United States	1900 m	30.7	-104.0	N side Mt Livermore, Davis Mts, TX, United States	Natural song (or response to pishing?) from a bird about 3-4m up in Pinyon Pine amid Ponderosa and madrone/oak parkland.	B	Daniel Lane	['WWDO', 'BEWR']	2008-04-30 00:00:00
3	156192	HUVI	—	2011	06-10	15:00	song	British Columbia, Canada	420 m	48.5	-124.0	Crabapple Lake, Sooke Hills, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada		A	Ian Cruickshank	['AMRO', 'TOWA']	2011-06-10 00:00:00
4	183585	HUVI	—	2014	06-24	07:00	song	British Columbia, Canada	80 m	48.5	-123.0	Saanich (near Victoria), Capital, British Columbia, Canada	somewhat atypical song (fast phrasing).	B	Ian Cruickshank	[]	2014-06-24 00:00:00
5	405621	HUVI	—	2018	03-11	14:05	song	California, United States	1300 m	34.2	-118.0	Glendora Ridge Road mile 10.4, San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County, California, United States	Recorded at a range of about 70 meters on a forested, north-facing slope. Equipment: Sony PCM-M10 recorder, Sennheiser ME62 microphone, and a Telinga 22 inch parabola. Edits: trimmed and normalize...	no score	Lance A. M. Benner	['OATI']	2018-03-11 00:00:00
6	232139	HUVI	—	2001	03-11	12:00	call?	Oaxaca, Mexico	2600 - 2800 m	17.2	-96.6	Cerro San Felipe (La Cumbre), Oaxaca, Mexico	ID certainty 90%. (Archiv. tape 121 side B track 19 seq. A)	B	Peter Boesman	[]	2001-03-11 00:00:00
7	30595	HUVI	stephensi	2009	02-15	09:00	song	New Mexico, United States	? m	31.4	-109.0	Guadalupe Canyon, Hidalgo Co., New Mexico, United States		A	Andrew Spencer	[]	2009-02-15 00:00:00
8	323414	HUVI	stephensi	2015	05-31	11:15	song	Chiricahua Mountains, United States	1700 m	31.8	-109.0	Rucker Canyon, Chiricahua Mountains, United States	in response to pygmy-owl fuss disturbance; Individual No 2, 2nd recording today	B	Richard E. Webster	['BUSH', 'DCFL', 'BRTI']	2015-05-31 00:00:00
9	125471	HUVI	—	2013	03-17	09:25	song	Cerro Alto Campground, United States	320 m	35.4	-121.0	Atascadero, California, Cerro Alto Campground, United States	Hutton's Vireo again? with a little burr in it's voice? A pair singing.	A	Thomas G. Graves	[]	2013-03-17 00:00:00
10	296985	HUVI	—	2011	06-22	10:56	song	Texas, United States	2000 m	29.3	-103.0	Laguna Meadows Trail, Big Bend National Park, Brewster Co., Texas, United States		B	Paul Marvin	['SCOR']	2011-06-22 00:00:00
11	282857	HUVI	—	2015	03-04	16:30	male, song	Arizona, United States	1000 m	33.9	-111.0	Bushnell Tanks, Sunflower, Maricopa County, Arizona, United States	Amplification, low and high pass filters used in Audacity.	A	Eric Hough	['DEJU', 'BUSH']	2015-03-04 00:00:00
12	252186	HUVI	—	2015	06-10	08:30	song	Mex DF entrance Desierto de los Leones, Mexico	2900 m	19.3	-99.3	Mex DF entrance Desierto de los Leones, Mexico		B	Manuel Grosselet	[]	2015-06-10 00:00:00
13	413985	HUVI	—	2018	05-06	08:00	call	British Columbia, Canada	110 m	48.6	-123.0	Newton Heights, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada	Very quiet calls made while foraging, after one song note. These calls used the same rhythm as a typical song (though a little faster), and were almost inaudible (bird was only about 2m away from m...	C	Randy Dzenkiw	[]	2018-05-06 00:00:00
14	365405	HUVI	mexicanus	2017	03-25	07:00	call	Michoacán, Mexico	2000 m	19.5	-102.0	Uruapan, Michoacán, Mexico	Bosque de pino-encino. Ruido por gallo doméstico, audio amplificado 25dB y filtrado High pass.	no score	Juan Carlos Pérez M.	[]	2017-03-25 00:00:00
15	297611	HUVI	—	2012	07-25	08:44	song	Arizona, United States	1800 m	31.7	-111.0	Super Trail, Madera Canyon, Continental, Arizona, United States		A	Paul Marvin	['GRPE', 'WBNU', 'PLVI']	2012-07-25 00:00:00
16	212822	HUVI	oberholseri	2015	02-07	15:30	call	California, United States	10 m	32.6	-117.0	Tijuana River Valley Regional Park, San Diego County, California, United States	Riparian habitat in arid region near the coast.	C	Nick Komar	[]	2015-02-07 00:00:00
17	282597	HUVI	stephensi	2015	08-14	08:30	call, song	Sonora, Mexico	2100 m	28.4	-109.0	Mesa del Campanero, Sonora, Mexico	High pass filter ran and amplified. In an area of mixed Pine-oak with a lot of Arbutus sp with a Arctostaphylos sp. dominated understory. Came in to spishing and pygmy owl whistling. Part of a lo...	B	David Vander Pluym	[]	2015-08-14 00:00:00
18	105702	HUVI	cognatus	2008	07-15	1100	excited song	Baja California Sur, Mexico	1900 m	23.5	-110.0	Sierra La Laguna Biosphere Reserve, Baja California Sur, Mexico	Solo bird, not one of the two from XC105701	B	Nathan Pieplow	['ACWO', 'SPTO', 'YEJU', 'PSFL', 'WWDO', 'BGGN']	2008-07-15 00:00:00
19	256398	HUVI	—	2014	03-28	?	song	Arizona, United States	140 m	34.3	-114.0	Bill Williams River NWR, Arizona, United States	Documentation for rare but increasing species in this area.	C	Lauren Harter	[]	2014-03-28 00:00:00
20	358938	HUVI	—	2017	03-06	12:00	call	Texas, United States	340 m	29.6	-98.6	Texas (near San Antonio), Bexar County, Texas, United States	one of several calling birds in a close area. volume maximized and cleaned up with a 300 hz highpass filter	B	David Sarkozi	[]	2017-03-06 00:00:00
21	168038	HUVI	—	2014	02-23	08:00	call	Mex DF entrance Desierto de los Leones, Mexico	2900 m	19.3	-99.3	Mex DF entrance Desierto de los Leones, Mexico	perched and moving in the tree, calling.	A	Manuel Grosselet	['BBSO', 'VGSW', 'GRSF']	2014-02-23 00:00:00
22	324079	HUVI	—	2015	05-01	09:29	song	Arizona, United States	1600 m	31.9	-109.0	South Fork Road, Portal, Arizona, United States		B	Paul Marvin	[]	2015-05-01 00:00:00
23	73497	HUVI	—	2011	03-15	08:30	Song	British Columbia, Canada	40 m	48.5	-123.0	Mount Douglas Park, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada		A	Ian Cruickshank	[]	2011-03-15 00:00:00
24	283520	HUVI	stephensi	2015	08-14	12:05	song	Sonora, Mexico	2100 m	28.4	-109.0	Mesa del Campanero, Sonora, Mexico	High pass filter ran and amplified. North edge of mesa, but on top, mixed pine and oak with somewhat open understory, though some patches of denser brush and shorter trees. Had been singing for a w...	B	David Vander Pluym	[]	2015-08-14 00:00:00

By time of year (season)¶

WIWA

In [ ]:

# Good: visually apparent
talk_recs_show_seasonal('WIWA')

(52613, 71)

(204, 71)

(180, 2)

(25, 2)

Out[ ]:

	fall migration / winter	spring migration / breeding
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

By time of year (season)¶

SPTO

In [ ]:

# Good
#   - Take a moment to explain wraa calls on the left vs. trill songs on the right
talk_recs_show_seasonal('SPTO')

(52613, 71)

(521, 71)

(429, 2)

(25, 2)

Out[ ]:

	fall migration / winter	spring migration / breeding
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

By time of year (season)¶

FOSP

In [ ]:

# Good
#   - Take a moment to explain chips on the left vs. songs on the right
talk_recs_show_seasonal('FOSP')

(52613, 71)

(501, 71)

(391, 2)

(25, 2)

Out[ ]:

	fall migration / winter	spring migration / breeding
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

By time of year (season)¶

SOSP

In [ ]:

# [Skippable]
# Good example of partial switch
#   - [Pie19] "All year, but mostly Mar—Aug"
talk_recs_show_seasonal('SOSP')

(52613, 71)

(648, 71)

(498, 2)

(25, 2)

Out[ ]:

	fall migration / winter	spring migration / breeding
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

By subspecies (/ geography)¶

SPTO
- [Pie19] p425
  - "Typical version: 2 unmusical series or trills, second higher"
  - "West Coast version: single long buzz"
- [BNA] https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/spotow/sounds
  - "Interior males sing songs generally containing both introductory and trill phrases, while coastal birds usually sing only trills."
  - Far western (coastal) birds trill faster on average than interior (mountain, plains) western birds, but trill rates are variable and largely overlapping (15.4–32.3 syll/s vs. 14.5–21.3 syll/s)
- [BNA] https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/spotow/systematics
  - 21 subsp (see map)
  - Various isolated subsp in the southern end of range (MX)

In [ ]:

(search_recs
    .pipe(df_inspect, lambda df: (df.shape,))
    # Filter
    [lambda df: reduce(lambda x, y: x & y, [
        df.species == 'SPTO',
        # df.type.str.lower().str.match(r'.*song.*'),
        # df.type.str.lower().str.match(r'^song$'),
        df.quality.isin(['A', 'B']),
    ])]
    .pipe(df_inspect, lambda df: (df.shape,))
    # Sort
    # .sample(250, random_state=0)
    # .sample(50, random_state=0)
    # .sort_values(['subspecies', 'lat'], ascending=False)
    # .sort_values(['lat'], ascending=False)
    # .sort_values(['lng'], ascending=True)
    .pipe(df_inspect, lambda df: (df.shape,))
    # View
    .pipe(talk_recs_show,
        scale=1.9,
    )

    # Bin by geo (2 bins)
    #   - Very rough, but decent results

    # .assign(geo=lambda df: df.state.str.lower().str.replace('.', '').str.split(r',\s*').map(lambda states: first(
    #     [
    #         geo
    #         for state in states
    #         for geo in [{
    #
    #             # # 'british columbia': 'west coast',
    #             # # 'bc':               'west coast',
    #             # # 'washington':       'west coast',
    #             # # 'wa':               'west coast',
    #             # # 'oregon':           'west coast',
    #             # 'california':       'west coast',
    #             # 'ca':               'west coast',
    #             # # 'inyo county':      'interior',  # Right? (Inyo County ~ Death Valley, CA)
    #             # # 'colorado':         'interior',
    #             # # 'utah':             'interior',
    #             # 'arizona':          'interior',
    #             # 'az':               'interior',
    #             # 'new mexico':       'interior',
    #             # # 'mexico':           'interior',
    #
    #             # 'british columbia': 'west coast',
    #             # 'bc':               'west coast',
    #             # 'washington':       'west coast',
    #             # 'wa':               'west coast',
    #             # 'oregon':           'west coast',
    #             'california':       'california',
    #             'ca':               'california',
    #             # 'inyo county':      'interior',  # Right? (Inyo County ~ Death Valley, CA)
    #             'colorado':         'colorado',
    #             # 'utah':             'interior',
    #             # 'arizona':          'arizona',
    #             # 'az':               'arizona',
    #             # # 'new mexico':       'new mexico',
    #             # 'mexico':           'mexico',
    #
    #         }.get(state)]
    #         if geo is not None
    #     ] + [
    #         None,
    #     ]
    # )))

    .assign(geo=lambda df: df.pipe(df_map_rows, lambda row: (
        'W -117 (coastal CA)' if row.lng < -117 else  # -117 to exclude Inyo County (Death Valley) which behaves ~like interior
        'E -110 (CO/AZ/MX)'   if row.lng > -110 else  # -110 to include CO/AZ/MX (at least)
        None                                          # Throw out everything in the middle, to simplify analysis
    )))

    [lambda df: df.geo.notnull()]
    .assign(geo=lambda df: df.geo.pipe(lambda s: s.pipe(as_ordered_cat, [
        # 'west coast', 'interior',
        # 'california', 'colorado', 'arizona', 'mexico',
        # 'california', 'colorado',
        'W -117 (coastal CA)', 'E -110 (CO/AZ/MX)',
    ])))
    # .pipe(df_inspect, lambda df: df[:250])  # Debug

    # Pivot by geo (manually)
    .pipe(lambda df: pd.concat(axis=1, objs=[
        (df
            [df.geo == geo]
            [['spectro_disp']]
            .rename(columns={'spectro_disp': geo})
            .sample(frac=1, random_state=0)  # Randomize per column (to avoid weird biases from incidental sorting above)
            .reset_index(drop=True)
        )
        for geo in df.geo.sort_values().unique()
    ]))
    .fillna('')
    .pipe(df_inspect, lambda df: (df.shape,))
    [:25]
    .pipe(df_inspect, lambda df: (df.shape,))

)

(52613, 71)

(432, 71)

(432, 71)

(230, 2)

(25, 2)

Out[ ]:

	W -117 (coastal CA)	E -110 (CO/AZ/MX)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Final quiz¶

In [ ]:

display_with_style(style_css=lambda c: '.%(c)s td { color: transparent !important; }' % locals(), x=(
    talk_wraa_calls()
))

(52613, 71)

(17, 71)

Out[ ]:

	xc_id	species	subspecies	year	month_day	time	type	state	elevation	lat	lng	place	remarks	quality	recordist	background_species	date
4	294969	BANO	—	2015	06-06	04:30	, begging call, cleaking, juvenile	Washington, United States	100 m	47.7	-122.0	Seattle, King County, Washington, United States	The recording starts with a young juvenile begging (with another juvenile in the background) at :10 an adult and does a food drop at :43 the adult starts vocalizing, eventually both the juvenile an...	A	Bruce Lagerquist	['AMRO', 'KILL']	2015-06-06 00:00:00
1	154990	GHOW	—	2012	10-22	05:30	call	Pennsylvania, United States	40 m	40.1	-75.1	Lower Moreland (near Huntingdon Valley), Montgomery, Pennsylvania, United States	shrieks and chitter call	A	Paul Driver	[]	2012-10-22 00:00:00
11	255158	LOSH	—	2014	08-29	10:25	call	Arizona, United States	1100 m	31.3	-109.0	San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge, Cochise County, Arizona, United States	wintering or migrating bird at this location	A	Richard E. Webster	[]	2014-08-29 00:00:00
10	91968	GGSH	invictus	2011	12-22	09:00	call, song	Washington, United States	550 m	49.0	-119.0	Mary Ann Creek Road, Okanogan Co., Washington, United States	from an adult bird a few minutes after playback. Two different call types and some song in this cut.	A	Andrew Spencer	[]	2011-12-22 00:00:00
5	297120	HUVI	—	2012	12-09	07:12	call	California, United States	10 m	32.6	-117.0	Bird and Butterfly Garden, Tijuana River Valley Regional Park, San Diego Co, California, United States		A	Paul Marvin	[]	2012-12-09 00:00:00
9	159366	WAVI	—	2012	08-26	07:44	call	BC, Canada	m	48.5	-123.0	Swan Lake, Victoria, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada	Recorded on a Marantz PMD661 recorder using a Sennheiser ME66 microphone.	B	Ian Cruickshank	[]	2012-08-26 00:00:00
12	146610	STJA	—	2013	08-24	17:30	call	Arizona, United States	2100 m	35.2	-112.0	Flagstaff, Coconino, Arizona, United States	Natural calls from a bird about 5m up, dislodging cones from a branch and watching them fall to the ground in Ponderosa Pine parkland.	B	Dan Lane	['LEGO', 'PYNU']	2013-08-24 00:00:00
8	347904	CASJ	—	2016	12-25	17:00	call	California, United States	10 m	38.6	-121.0	American River Parkway (East of Watt), Sacramento, Sacramento County, California, United States		A	Jim Holmes	[]	2016-12-25 00:00:00
3	265810	HOWR	cahooni	2015	05-26	19:00	call	Jalisco, Mexico	2500 m	20.7	-105.0	Cerro La Bufa, San Sebastián del Oeste, Jalisco, Mexico	calls from the other member of the pair from XC265809 (so a presumed female).	A	Andrew Spencer	[]	2015-05-26 00:00:00
15	163209	BEWR	—	2014	01-04	12:24	alarm call	Little Spokane River Natural Area, United States	700 m	47.8	-118.0	Indian Painted Rocks, Little Spokane River Natural Area, United States		A	Garrett MacDonald	[]	2014-01-04 00:00:00
13	376229	BGGN	—	2017	06-18	05:12	call	Colorado, United States	1900 m	39.9	-105.0	Colorado (near Boulder), Boulder County, Colorado, United States	A Blue-gray Gnatcatcher going off from a shrub along the Fowler Trail.	A	Ted Floyd	[]	2017-06-18 00:00:00
7	17808	CAGN	—	2008	01-03	14:30	call	California, United States	30 m	33.6	-118.0	Crystal Cove State Park, Orange County, California, United States		B	Nathan Pieplow	['Homo sapiens']	2008-01-03 00:00:00
0	253889	BTGN	—	2015	04-20	05:47	song	Arizona, United States	600 m	33.5	-112.0	Mesa, Maricopa County, Arizona, United States	Recorded with Sennheiser ME64 /K6 microphone on a Olympus LS-14 recorder. Bird calling from Palo Verde tree. Bird reacted to its own (previous) call from my recorder speaker when I wanted to chec...	A	Patrick Turgeon	[]	2015-04-20 00:00:00
16	30087	BCGN	—	2009	02-15	11:40	call	New Mexico, United States	? m	31.4	-109.0	Guadalupe Canyon, Hidalgo Co., New Mexico, United States	calls from a male bird, part of a pair. These calls a bit shorter that the typical call of this species, which I believe indicates some level of agitation. A couple of more typical calls at 26-29s	A	Andrew Spencer	[]	2009-02-15 00:00:00
14	314303	HETH	—	2016	04-29	19:45	call	Great Pubnico Lake Road, Canada	10 m	43.7	-65.8	Great Pubnico Lake Road, Canada		B	Alix dEntremont	[]	2016-04-29 00:00:00
2	127012	SPTO	megalonyx	2001	05-13	07:10	call	San Diego County, United States	100 m	32.7	-117.0	Sweetwater River, SDNWR, San Diego County, United States	calls of a pair;	B	Richard E. Webster	['CALT', 'COYE', 'YBCH', 'American Yellow Warbler']	2001-05-13 00:00:00
6	293823	EATO	—	2015	11-23	09:30	call	Alabama, United States	60 m	32.0	-85.1	Eufaula, Barbour County, Alabama, United States		A	Jim Holmes	[]	2015-11-23 00:00:00

Final quiz¶

In [ ]:

talk_wraa_calls()

(52613, 71)

(17, 71)

Out[ ]:

	xc_id	species	subspecies	year	month_day	time	type	state	elevation	lat	lng	place	remarks	quality	recordist	background_species	date
4	294969	BANO	—	2015	06-06	04:30	, begging call, cleaking, juvenile	Washington, United States	100 m	47.7	-122.0	Seattle, King County, Washington, United States	The recording starts with a young juvenile begging (with another juvenile in the background) at :10 an adult and does a food drop at :43 the adult starts vocalizing, eventually both the juvenile an...	A	Bruce Lagerquist	['AMRO', 'KILL']	2015-06-06 00:00:00
1	154990	GHOW	—	2012	10-22	05:30	call	Pennsylvania, United States	40 m	40.1	-75.1	Lower Moreland (near Huntingdon Valley), Montgomery, Pennsylvania, United States	shrieks and chitter call	A	Paul Driver	[]	2012-10-22 00:00:00
11	255158	LOSH	—	2014	08-29	10:25	call	Arizona, United States	1100 m	31.3	-109.0	San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge, Cochise County, Arizona, United States	wintering or migrating bird at this location	A	Richard E. Webster	[]	2014-08-29 00:00:00
10	91968	GGSH	invictus	2011	12-22	09:00	call, song	Washington, United States	550 m	49.0	-119.0	Mary Ann Creek Road, Okanogan Co., Washington, United States	from an adult bird a few minutes after playback. Two different call types and some song in this cut.	A	Andrew Spencer	[]	2011-12-22 00:00:00
5	297120	HUVI	—	2012	12-09	07:12	call	California, United States	10 m	32.6	-117.0	Bird and Butterfly Garden, Tijuana River Valley Regional Park, San Diego Co, California, United States		A	Paul Marvin	[]	2012-12-09 00:00:00
9	159366	WAVI	—	2012	08-26	07:44	call	BC, Canada	m	48.5	-123.0	Swan Lake, Victoria, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada	Recorded on a Marantz PMD661 recorder using a Sennheiser ME66 microphone.	B	Ian Cruickshank	[]	2012-08-26 00:00:00
12	146610	STJA	—	2013	08-24	17:30	call	Arizona, United States	2100 m	35.2	-112.0	Flagstaff, Coconino, Arizona, United States	Natural calls from a bird about 5m up, dislodging cones from a branch and watching them fall to the ground in Ponderosa Pine parkland.	B	Dan Lane	['LEGO', 'PYNU']	2013-08-24 00:00:00
8	347904	CASJ	—	2016	12-25	17:00	call	California, United States	10 m	38.6	-121.0	American River Parkway (East of Watt), Sacramento, Sacramento County, California, United States		A	Jim Holmes	[]	2016-12-25 00:00:00
3	265810	HOWR	cahooni	2015	05-26	19:00	call	Jalisco, Mexico	2500 m	20.7	-105.0	Cerro La Bufa, San Sebastián del Oeste, Jalisco, Mexico	calls from the other member of the pair from XC265809 (so a presumed female).	A	Andrew Spencer	[]	2015-05-26 00:00:00
15	163209	BEWR	—	2014	01-04	12:24	alarm call	Little Spokane River Natural Area, United States	700 m	47.8	-118.0	Indian Painted Rocks, Little Spokane River Natural Area, United States		A	Garrett MacDonald	[]	2014-01-04 00:00:00
13	376229	BGGN	—	2017	06-18	05:12	call	Colorado, United States	1900 m	39.9	-105.0	Colorado (near Boulder), Boulder County, Colorado, United States	A Blue-gray Gnatcatcher going off from a shrub along the Fowler Trail.	A	Ted Floyd	[]	2017-06-18 00:00:00
7	17808	CAGN	—	2008	01-03	14:30	call	California, United States	30 m	33.6	-118.0	Crystal Cove State Park, Orange County, California, United States		B	Nathan Pieplow	['Homo sapiens']	2008-01-03 00:00:00
0	253889	BTGN	—	2015	04-20	05:47	song	Arizona, United States	600 m	33.5	-112.0	Mesa, Maricopa County, Arizona, United States	Recorded with Sennheiser ME64 /K6 microphone on a Olympus LS-14 recorder. Bird calling from Palo Verde tree. Bird reacted to its own (previous) call from my recorder speaker when I wanted to chec...	A	Patrick Turgeon	[]	2015-04-20 00:00:00
16	30087	BCGN	—	2009	02-15	11:40	call	New Mexico, United States	? m	31.4	-109.0	Guadalupe Canyon, Hidalgo Co., New Mexico, United States	calls from a male bird, part of a pair. These calls a bit shorter that the typical call of this species, which I believe indicates some level of agitation. A couple of more typical calls at 26-29s	A	Andrew Spencer	[]	2009-02-15 00:00:00
14	314303	HETH	—	2016	04-29	19:45	call	Great Pubnico Lake Road, Canada	10 m	43.7	-65.8	Great Pubnico Lake Road, Canada		B	Alix dEntremont	[]	2016-04-29 00:00:00
2	127012	SPTO	megalonyx	2001	05-13	07:10	call	San Diego County, United States	100 m	32.7	-117.0	Sweetwater River, SDNWR, San Diego County, United States	calls of a pair;	B	Richard E. Webster	['CALT', 'COYE', 'YBCH', 'American Yellow Warbler']	2001-05-13 00:00:00
6	293823	EATO	—	2015	11-23	09:30	call	Alabama, United States	60 m	32.0	-85.1	Eufaula, Barbour County, Alabama, United States		A	Jim Holmes	[]	2015-11-23 00:00:00

Thanks!¶

Questions?